Difference between revisions of "Teaching and Learning in a Digital Age"

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'''“Teaching and Learning in a Digital Age”'''
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<div id="content_view" class="wiki" style="display: block">'''Teaching and Learning in a Digital Age'''<br />  A growing body of research is emerging to show the detrimental impacts of the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops on people's attention spans, learning abilities, social and communications skills, and overall mental health. These findings also have relevance for our thinking about broader social issues such as social cohesion, class and racial polarization, and social movements. The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects in our classrooms. They also address some of the larger societal concerns and issues that emerge as new generations of young people are increasingly socialized around digital technology.<br /> <br /> <span style="display: block; text-align: center"> '''''"Technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result,'''''</span><span style="display: block; text-align: center">'''''perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting."''''' --[http://learnercentered.wordpress.com/2008/08/15/dont-text-in-class-and-heres-why/ Dr. Cara Finnegan ]<br /> </span><br />  More and more people are ''[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/better/technology/9-ways-to-start-and-stick-to-a-digital-detox/ taking occasional "digital detox" breaks ]'' to improve their concentration, performance, relationships, and overall health.<br /><br />  The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects on learning, attention, productivity, and mental health.<br />
A growing body of research is emerging to show the detrimental impacts of the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops on people’s attention spans, learning abilities, social and communications skills, and overall mental health. These findings also have relevance for our thinking about broader social issues such as social cohesion, class and racial polarization, and social movements. The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects in our classrooms. They also address some of the larger societal concerns and issues that emerge as new generations of young people are increasingly socialized around digital technology.
 
  
<span style="display: block; text-align: center;"> '''''"Technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result,'''''</span><span style="display: block; text-align: center;">'''''perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting."''''' --[[http://learnercentered.wordpress.com/2008/08/15/dont-text-in-class-and-heres-why/|Dr. Cara Finnegan ]]
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=<span style="text-align: center">Selected References</span>=
</span>
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<br /> '''Learning, Memory, and Productivity'''<br />
More and more people are ''[[@http://www.telegraph.co.uk/better/technology/9-ways-to-start-and-stick-to-a-digital-detox/|taking occasional "digital detox" breaks ]]'' to improve their concentration, performance, relationships, and overall health.
 
More and more people are ''[[@http://www.telegraph.co.uk/better/technology/9-ways-to-start-and-stick-to-a-digital-detox/|taking occasional "digital detox" breaks ]]'' to improve their concentration, performance, relationships, and overall health.
 
  
The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects on learning, attention, productivity, and mental health.
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">"[https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/to-remember-a-lecture-better-take-notes-by-hand/361478/ To Remember a Lecture Better, Take Notes by Hand]" ''The Atlantic'' May 1, 2014</span>
=[[#New Research Sounds Alarm about Impacts of Digital Technology-Selected References]]=
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* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/business/laptops-not-during-lecture-or-meeting.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fbusiness "Laptops Are Great. But Not During a Lecture or a Meeting."]New York Times November 26, 2017
=<span style="text-align: center;">Selected References</span>=
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/mar/11/technology-internet-pupil-attention-teaching Is technology and the internet reducing pupils' attention spans?] The Guardian March 11, 2013</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/25multi.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1218826802-w3gzL8BvSV3EZY9YekbeXg Slow Down, Brave Multitasker, and Don't Read This in Traffic ]New York Times March 25, 2007</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/education/technology-is-changing-how-students-learn-teachers-say.html Technology Is Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say ]New York Times, November 1 2012.</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[http://fortune.com/2016/02/03/nicholas-carr-internet/ "The Internet Makes Us Stupid, and Here's Why"] Kabir Sehgal Fortune Feb. 3, 2016 </span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[http://www.chronicle.com/article/Teach-Naked-Effort-Strips/47398/ When Computers Leave Classrooms, So Does Boredom], Chronical of Higher Education, July 20, 2009</span>
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* Sherry Terkel (2012) ''[http://geni.us/AloneTogether Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology and Less From Each Other]''
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* Sherry Terkel (2015) ''[http://geni.us/ReclaimingConvo Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age]''
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<br /> '''<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Mental Health and Anxiety</span>'''<br />
  
'''Learning, Memory, and Productivity'''
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> [http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/digital_technology_and_mental_health Digital Technology and Mental Health] Janet Olsen, Michigan State University Extension, January 25, 2016. Overusing digital technologies may affect areas like sleep, concentration, learning and relationship behaviors.</span>
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"[[@https:''www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/05/to-remember-a-lecture-better-take-notes-by-hand/361478/|To Remember a Lecture Better, Take Notes by Hand]]" //The Atlantic'' May 1, 2014</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/magazine/why-are-more-american-teenagers-than-ever-suffering-from-severe-anxiety.html Why Are More American Teenagers Than Ever Suffering From Severe Anxiety?] New York Times Magazine October 15, 2017</span>
* [[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/business/laptops-not-during-lecture-or-meeting.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fbusiness|"Laptops Are Great. But Not During a Lecture or a Meeting."]]New York Times November 26, 2017
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/mar/11/technology-internet-pupil-attention-teaching Face-to-Face Contacts (Not Facebook Connections), Impact Your Health and Longevity] (TED talk)</span>
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/mar/11/technology-internet-pupil-attention-teaching|Is technology and the internet reducing pupils' attention spans?]] The Guardian March 11, 2013</span>
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* [https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/5220/why-do-we-use-social-media Why do we use social media? | New Humanist]
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/25multi.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1218826802-w3gzL8BvSV3EZY9YekbeXg|Slow Down, Brave Multitasker, and Don’t Read This in Traffic ]]New York Times March 25, 2007</span>
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* [https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/5377w5/why-social-media-can-never-fill-the-void-in-our-depressing-lives Why Social Media Can Never Fill the Void in Our Depressing Lives ]Vice.Com May 2, 2017. "Drawing from [https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/the-revolution-will-be-weird-and-eerie Mark Fisher's] ''Capitalist Realism'', Gilroy-Ware [author of ''Filling the Void: Emotion, Capitalism & Social Media''] argues that the impoverished life of the contemporary worker “ precarious, alienated, bored “ is exploited by social media, which promises emotional fulfilment in its endlessly regenerating timelines."
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/education/technology-is-changing-how-students-learn-teachers-say.html|Technology Is Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say ]]New York Times, November 1 2012.</span>
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<br /> '''Lessons on digital technology, privacy, corporate concentration, and social conflicts:'''<br />
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[http://fortune.com/2016/02/03/nicholas-carr-internet/|“The Internet Makes Us Stupid, and Here’s Why”]] Kabir Sehgal Fortune Feb. 3, 2016 </span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[http://www.chronicle.com/article/Teach-Naked-Effort-Strips/47398/|When Computers Leave Classrooms, So Does Boredom]], Chronical of Higher Education, July 20, 2009</span>
 
* Sherry Terkel (2012) ''[[@http://geni.us/AloneTogether|Alone Together: Why We Expect More From Technology and Less From Each Other]]''
 
* Sherry Terkel (2015) ''[[@http://geni.us/ReclaimingConvo|Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age]]''
 
  
'''<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mental Health and Anxiety</span>'''
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/11/facebook-google-public-health-democracy How Facebook and Google Threaten Public Health and Democracy] The Guardian November 11, 2017</span>
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“[[http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/digital_technology_and_mental_health|Digital Technology and Mental Health]]” Janet Olsen, Michigan State University Extension, January 25, 2016. Overusing digital technologies may affect areas like sleep, concentration, learning and relationship behaviors.</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology Facebook executive acknowledges how tool manipulates human psychology ]The Guardian, November 7, 2017</span>
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“[[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/magazine/why-are-more-american-teenagers-than-ever-suffering-from-severe-anxiety.html|Why Are More American Teenagers Than Ever Suffering From Severe Anxiety?]]” New York Times Magazine October 15, 2017</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia "Our Minds Can be Hijacked-Tech Insiders Fear Smart Phone Dystopia"] The Guardian October 6, 2017"</span>The attention economy incentivises the design of technologies that grab our attention, he says. In so doing, it privileges our impulses over our intentions. That means privileging what is sensational over what is nuanced, appealing to emotion, anger and outrage.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">"</span>
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/mar/11/technology-internet-pupil-attention-teaching|Face-to-Face Contacts (Not Facebook Connections), Impact Your Health and Longevity]] (TED talk)</span>
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/02/facebook-google-monopoly-companies How to stop Google and Facebook from becoming even more powerful | Barry Lynn and Matt Stoller]The Guardian, November 2, 2017--In addition to sensitizing students to issues related to privacy and data security, this article is good for helping students understand and think sociologically about corporate power and how corporate mergers and policies that favor corporate interests can threaten broader public interests.</span>
* [[https://newhumanist.org.uk/articles/5220/why-do-we-use-social-media|Why do we use social media? | New Humanist]]
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">[http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/06/03/lets-stop-google-from-gobbling-up-our-schools/ Let's Stop Google from Gobbling Up Our Schools ]by [http://www.counterpunch.org/author/l3l3lclcl3l2ldl/ Jackie Smith - Alfredo Lopez ]June 3, 2016 </span>
* [[https:''www.vice.com/en_uk/article/5377w5/why-social-media-can-never-fill-the-void-in-our-depressing-lives|Why Social Media Can Never Fill the Void in Our Depressing Lives ]]Vice.Com May 2, 2017. "Drawing from [[https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/the-revolution-will-be-weird-and-eerie|Mark Fisher's]] //Capitalist Realism//, Gilroy-Ware [author of //Filling the Void: Emotion, Capitalism & Social Media''] argues that the impoverished life of the contemporary worker – precarious, alienated, bored – is exploited by social media, which promises emotional fulfilment in its endlessly regenerating timelines."
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* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">'''Race, Class and the Internet:''' [https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/an-emancipation-proclamation-for-the-digital-age/ An Emancipation Proclamation for the Digital Age], by [https://zcomm.org/author/alfredolopez/ Alfredo Lopez] and [https://zcomm.org/author/jackiesmith/ Jackie Smith ][http://thiscantbehappening.net/emancipationproclamation Source: This Can't Be Happening ]June 24, 2016</span>
 
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<br /> [https://www.techandrev.org/ May First/People Link Technology and Revolution Initiative] ''This website contains resources for helping structure dialogues about the role of technology in society and in social change work. It is part of a movement-led campaign to engage activists and the broader public in critical dialogues about how technology is used to control societies as well as how it can be mobilized as a tool for social emancipation. Resources for guiding discussions on society and technology are included, as are lessons from other groups' (including other classrooms) reports from their "tech and rev convergences" in various parts of the US and other countries.''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''<u>DRAFT SYLLABUS CONTENT</u>'''<br /> ''Mainstream communications ”including communication fostered at universities”send few signals to students about the need to be more critical and selective in how one uses technology. We can play important roles as teachers to invite students to think critically about how technology impacts both their own practices and learning abilities and how it shapes broader social trends and problems. Introducing limitations in your classroom is a way to model such practices for students and it can encourage them to become more effective learners and sociologists. We should note that many students will protest such restrictions, since they are rarely required to disconnect from their devices. But holding firm to technology limitations can teach important lessons and life skills that many students in your classroom will (silently) appreciate.''<br /> <br /> '''<u>Technology Policies*</u>''''''''Drawing from research on the detrimental impacts of technology on education and learning, I have adopted the following technology policies:''''' ''No assignments will be accepted via e-mail, and my preferred method of communication is face to face or by office phone. Please use opportunities after class or in office hours to discuss your work in the course. <u>Do not use laptops or text messaging devices in class, and silence your cell phones and place them out of your sight</u>.''<br /> <br /> '''The Problem of Digital Technology and Divided Attention--'''In recent years the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops, combined with the broad availability of wireless in classrooms, has produced something called the problem of divided attention. A [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/25multi.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1218826802-w3gzL8BvSV3EZY9YekbeXg March 25, 2008 article in the New York Times]summarized recent studies of productivity in business settings. Researchers found that after responding to email or text messages, it took people ''more than 15 minutes to re-focus on the "serious mental tasks"they had been performing before the interruption''. Other research has shown that when people attempt to perform two tasks at once (e.g., following what's happening in class while checking text messages), the brain literally cannot do it. The brain has got to give up on one of the tasks in order to effectively accomplish the other. Hidden behind all the hype about multi-tasking, then, is this sad truth: ''it makes you slower and dumber''. For this reason alone you should seek to avoid the problem of divided attention when you are in class. But there's another reason, too: technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result, ''perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting''. For both these reasons, then, turn off your cell phones or set them on silent mode when you come to class, and refrain from using laptops and any other electronic devices during class. *''Source'': [http://learnercentered.wordpress.com/2008/08/15/dont-text-in-class-and-heres-why/ Dr. Cara Finnegan]. (See also work by <u>Sherry Turkle- ''Reclaiming Conversation in a Digital Age)''</u></div>
'''Lessons on digital technology, privacy, corporate concentration, and social conflicts:'''
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[@https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/11/facebook-google-public-health-democracy|How Facebook and Google Threaten Public Health and Democracy]] The Guardian November 11, 2017</span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[@https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology|Facebook executive acknowledges how tool manipulates human psychology ]]The Guardian, November 7, 2017</span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[@https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia|"Our Minds Can be Hijacked-Tech Insiders Fear Smart Phone Dystopia"]] The Guardian October 6, 2017"</span>The attention economy incentivises the design of technologies that grab our attention,” he says. “In so doing, it privileges our impulses over our intentions.” That means privileging what is sensational over what is nuanced, appealing to emotion, anger and outrage.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"</span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/02/facebook-google-monopoly-companies|How to stop Google and Facebook from becoming even more powerful | Barry Lynn and Matt Stoller]]The Guardian, November 2, 2017--In addition to sensitizing students to issues related to privacy and data security, this article is good for helping students understand and think sociologically about corporate power and how corporate mergers and policies that favor corporate interests can threaten broader public interests.</span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[@http:''www.counterpunch.org/2016/06/03/lets-stop-google-from-gobbling-up-our-schools/|Let’s Stop Google from Gobbling Up Our Schools ]]by [[http:''www.counterpunch.org/author/l3l3lclcl3l2ldl/|Jackie Smith - Alfredo Lopez ]]June 3, 2016 </span>
 
* <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">'''Race, Class and the Internet:''' [[@https:''zcomm.org/znetarticle/an-emancipation-proclamation-for-the-digital-age/|An Emancipation Proclamation for the Digital Age]], by [[https://zcomm.org/author/alfredolopez/|Alfredo Lopez]] and [[https://zcomm.org/author/jackiesmith/|Jackie Smith ]][[@http:''thiscantbehappening.net/emancipationproclamation|Source: This Can't Be Happening ]]June 24, 2016</span>
 
 
 
[[https:''www.techandrev.org/|May First/People Link Technology and Revolution Initiative]] //This website contains resources for helping structure dialogues about the role of technology in society and in social change work. It is part of a movement-led campaign to engage activists and the broader public in critical dialogues about how technology is used to control societies as well as how it can be mobilized as a tool for social emancipation. Resources for guiding discussions on society and technology are included, as are lessons from other groups’ (including other classrooms’) reports from their “tech and rev convergences” in various parts of the US and other countries.''
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
'''<u>DRAFT SYLLABUS CONTENT</u>'''
 
''Mainstream communications—including communication fostered at universities—send few signals to students about the need to be more critical and selective in how one uses technology. We can play important roles as teachers to invite students to think critically about how technology impacts both their own practices and learning abilities and how it shapes broader social trends and problems. Introducing limitations in your classroom is a way to model such practices for students and it can encourage them to become more effective learners and sociologists. We should note that many students will protest such restrictions, since they are rarely required to disconnect from their devices. But holding firm to technology limitations can teach important lessons and life skills that many students in your classroom will (silently) appreciate.''
 
 
 
'''<u>Technology Policies*__''''''''Drawing from research on the detrimental impacts of technology on education and learning, I have adopted the following technology policies:''''' ''No assignments will be accepted via e-mail, and my preferred method of communication is face to face or by office phone. Please use opportunities after class or in office hours to discuss your work in the course. __Do not use laptops or text messaging devices in class, and silence your cell phones and place them out of your sight</u>.''
 
 
 
'''The Problem of Digital Technology and Divided Attention--'''In recent years the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops, combined with the broad availability of wireless in classrooms, has produced something called the problem of divided attention. A [[http:''www.nytimes.com/2007/03/25/business/25multi.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1218826802-w3gzL8BvSV3EZY9YekbeXg|March 25, 2008 article in the //New York Times//]]summarized recent studies of productivity in business settings. Researchers found that after responding to email or text messages, it took people //more than 15 minutes to re-focus on the “serious mental tasks” they had been performing before the interruption//. Other research has shown that when people attempt to perform two tasks at once (e.g., following what’s happening in class while checking text messages), the brain literally cannot do it. The brain has got to give up on one of the tasks in order to effectively accomplish the other. Hidden behind all the hype about multi-tasking, then, is this sad truth: //it makes you slower and dumber//. For this reason alone you should seek to avoid the problem of divided attention when you are in class. But there’s another reason, too: technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result, //perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting//. For both these reasons, then, turn off your cell phones or set them on silent mode when you come to class, and refrain from using laptops and any other electronic devices during class. *//Source//: [[http://learnercentered.wordpress.com/2008/08/15/dont-text-in-class-and-heres-why/|Dr. Cara Finnegan]]. (See also work by <u>Sherry Turkle- //Reclaiming Conversation in a Digital Age)''</u>
 

Revision as of 14:02, 3 June 2018

Teaching and Learning in a Digital Age
A growing body of research is emerging to show the detrimental impacts of the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops on people's attention spans, learning abilities, social and communications skills, and overall mental health. These findings also have relevance for our thinking about broader social issues such as social cohesion, class and racial polarization, and social movements. The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects in our classrooms. They also address some of the larger societal concerns and issues that emerge as new generations of young people are increasingly socialized around digital technology.

"Technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result,perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting." --Dr. Cara Finnegan

More and more people are taking occasional "digital detox" breaks to improve their concentration, performance, relationships, and overall health.

The following links provide resources for critical reflection on the uses of technology and its effects on learning, attention, productivity, and mental health.

Selected References


Learning, Memory, and Productivity


Mental Health and Anxiety


Lessons on digital technology, privacy, corporate concentration, and social conflicts:


May First/People Link Technology and Revolution Initiative This website contains resources for helping structure dialogues about the role of technology in society and in social change work. It is part of a movement-led campaign to engage activists and the broader public in critical dialogues about how technology is used to control societies as well as how it can be mobilized as a tool for social emancipation. Resources for guiding discussions on society and technology are included, as are lessons from other groups' (including other classrooms) reports from their "tech and rev convergences" in various parts of the US and other countries.




DRAFT SYLLABUS CONTENT
Mainstream communications ”including communication fostered at universities”send few signals to students about the need to be more critical and selective in how one uses technology. We can play important roles as teachers to invite students to think critically about how technology impacts both their own practices and learning abilities and how it shapes broader social trends and problems. Introducing limitations in your classroom is a way to model such practices for students and it can encourage them to become more effective learners and sociologists. We should note that many students will protest such restrictions, since they are rarely required to disconnect from their devices. But holding firm to technology limitations can teach important lessons and life skills that many students in your classroom will (silently) appreciate.

Technology Policies*'''Drawing from research on the detrimental impacts of technology on education and learning, I have adopted the following technology policies: No assignments will be accepted via e-mail, and my preferred method of communication is face to face or by office phone. Please use opportunities after class or in office hours to discuss your work in the course. Do not use laptops or text messaging devices in class, and silence your cell phones and place them out of your sight.

The Problem of Digital Technology and Divided Attention--In recent years the saturation of cell phones, text messaging, and laptops, combined with the broad availability of wireless in classrooms, has produced something called the problem of divided attention. A March 25, 2008 article in the New York Timessummarized recent studies of productivity in business settings. Researchers found that after responding to email or text messages, it took people more than 15 minutes to re-focus on the "serious mental tasks"they had been performing before the interruption. Other research has shown that when people attempt to perform two tasks at once (e.g., following what's happening in class while checking text messages), the brain literally cannot do it. The brain has got to give up on one of the tasks in order to effectively accomplish the other. Hidden behind all the hype about multi-tasking, then, is this sad truth: it makes you slower and dumber. For this reason alone you should seek to avoid the problem of divided attention when you are in class. But there's another reason, too: technology often causes us to lose our senses when it comes to norms of polite behavior and, as a result, perfectly nice people become unbelievably rude and insulting. For both these reasons, then, turn off your cell phones or set them on silent mode when you come to class, and refrain from using laptops and any other electronic devices during class. *Source: Dr. Cara Finnegan. (See also work by Sherry Turkle- Reclaiming Conversation in a Digital Age)